【南非《独行者日报》】南非能从中国的警务工作中学到什么 [联合国媒体]

What South Africa can learn from policing in China

南非能从中国的警务工作中学到什么



The scale of the Chinese policing environment is impressive,given the geographical and population size of the country. Delegates from SouthAfrica’s Portfolio Committee on Police were given a cop’s eye view of howpolicing works in China.

鉴于该国的地理和人口规模，中国警务环境的规模令人印象深刻。来自南非警察员会的代表对中国的警务工作从警察专业的角度提出了自己的看法

I waspart of a delegation comprising members of the Portfolio Committee on Policethat undertook a parliamentary study trip to the People’s Republic of Chinaearlier this month. Our aim was to learn about the Chinese context andoperational practice which could enrich the committee’s oversight work andrecommendations to promote police professionalisation and to make policing moreeffective in South Africa.

作为警察委员会的一名代表，我于本月初对中华人民共和国进行了考察访问。我们的目标是了解中国警务工作的具体情况和运作实践，以增强本委员会的监督工作，并为本委员会提供建议，以促进（南非）警察职业化，并使得警务工作在南非能够更有效地开展。

Certainly,the scale of the Chinese policing environment is impressive, given thegeographical and population size of the country. There are approximately20-million police in China and they deal with an average of 6-million seriouscrimes a year (minor and petty offences are significantly larger in number).The police training university in Beijing alone has 14,000 cadets-in-trainingand it is only one such training institution of 38 in China (we were told thatthere are about 150,000 police cadets undergoing training at any given time).

显而易见，鉴于国家的地理和人口规模，中国的警务环境的规模令人印象深刻。中国约有2000万警察，每年平均处理600万次严重犯罪（以及数量多得多的轻微犯罪）。仅在北京，每年就有一万四千名警察学员在中国人民公安大学中接受职业教育，而在全中国，类似的培训机构共有38所（我们被告知全国每年共有约15万名警察学员同时接受职业教育）。

Thecommittee observed three key distinctions which can assist with making theSouth African Police Service more effective and efficient:

本委员会观察到（中国的警务工作）有三项主要优势，（学习这些优势）可以帮助南非警察部门变得更加有力和高效：

First,as we learned at the People’s Public Security University of China in Beijing,there is a strong emphasis on ensuring and maintaining a professional policeservice. It’s actually difficult to become a police officer in China (distinctfrom being a traffic officer) because a university entrance exam pass is aminimum entry requirement to become a police cadet. Following that, the policetraining curriculum is four years long (in South Africa it’s less than twoyears), resulting in police officers qualifying with a Bachelor’s Policedegree. This is further reinforced with regular in-service training to refreshand update serving police officers on developments in the field.

首先，我们在北京的中国人民公安大学学到，要强调保持和维护公安队伍的职业化。由于在普通高等教育入学考试中取得一定的分数是被录取的必要条件，在中国成为一名警务人员实际上有相当的难度。（被警察或公安大学录取后，）警察学员需要接受四年的职业教育（在南非，警察学员接受的职业教育还不到两年），并获得获得学士学位。通过定期培训，在职警务人员的专业技能也会得到进一步更新和发展。

Thesetwo factors make a world of difference in cultivating the professionalism anddiscipline of the police. In addition, we were told that police are seen andtreated as a special kind of public official: they are better paid than mostcivil servants, are valued for their role in public safety and security,undergo rigorous training and are held to very high standards of ethics andprofessional conduct.

这两个因素使得培养提高警察队伍的职业素养和职业纪律的工作效力大为加强。另外，我们被告知，警察被视为一种特殊的公务员：比起大多数公务员，由于警察在维护公共安全方面的重要地位，他们能够获得更高的薪酬，但也需要经过严格的职业培训，并在道德和职业素养方面满足更高的标准。

Second,there is an emphasis on specialisation where police officers can serve indedicated units most suited to their interests and aptitudes, e.g. householdcrimes (such as domestic violence), cybercrimes, drug trafficking, etc.

第二，要强调（警务人员技能的）专业化。警务人员可以选择加入最适合自己的兴趣和态度的专门性单位。例如（处理）家庭犯罪（包括家庭暴力），网络犯罪，毒品犯罪等（的单位）。

Third,as we learned during our interaction with the Shanghai Municipal Police Bureau,there is extensive use and application of modern technology in police work. Inthe case of Shanghai, this has been spurred by necessity more than anythingelse – the police force in the city is short-staffed: just 50,000 officers servicinga population of more than 30-million people (in contrast, South Africa has morethan three times as many police officers servicing less than twice as manypeople).

第三，我们在与上海市警察局的互动中了解到，现代化技术在警察工作中得到了广泛应用。具体到上海的情况来说，这种情况(警察队伍的现代化)具有紧迫性和必要性 - 这个城市的警察队伍人手不足：仅仅五万警察需要维持三千余万人口的治安。（相比之下，南非需要用三倍于此的警察人数维持不到两倍于此的人口的治安）。

Tocompensate, they leverage CCTV surveillance (there are 106,000 CCTV cameras inShanghai, linked to a computer system with automatic number plate and facialrecognition software), artificial intelligence programmes, Big Data analytics,etc, in order to work smarter and be effective in spite of human capacityconstraints.

为解决（人手不足的问题），他们利用闭路电视监控（上海有106,000台闭路电视摄像机，由配备有车牌号和面部识别软件的计算机系统提供支持），人工智能程序，大数据分析等，以加强（警务）工作的智能化，从而有效利用有限的人力资源。

Theother striking observation about China is that it was both familiar on thesurface but noticeably different in both style and substance. Modern China hasadopted the form of Western civilisation, e.g. technology, architecture,science, engineering, even some TV show formats, but not the substance ofWestern culture. In particular, it remains a one-party state running a mixedeconomy with a strong state presence, self-characterised as “socialism withChinese characteristics”.

中国的另一个引人注目的特点是，她在表面形式方面令人熟悉，但在行事风格和实质上都（与我们南非）有明显的差异。现代中国接受了西方文明的表面形式，例如技术，建筑，科学，工程，甚至一些电视节目的形式，但没有接受西方文明的实质。特别地，她仍然保持一党专政的政治体制，并采取国有经济占主导地位的混合经济政策，自称为“具有中国特色的社会主义”。

I wasparticularly fascinated by how discipline and accountability have beenmaintained in governance since the late 1970s without the checks and balanceson state power of liberal constitutional democracy. One would have expected theruling elite of the Chinese Communist Party (CPC) to have fallen victim to thecorrupting influence of concentrated power, as per the famous saying of LordActon, but human fallibility seems to have been sufficiently constrained overthe last almost 40 years.

我特别着迷于，作为一个不具备如同自由宪政民主国家那样的权力制衡能力的政治体制，（中国）如何能够从上个世纪七十年代后期以来一直维持一个具有自律能力以及问责制的政府。按照阿克顿男爵的名言，人们曾经预计由于绝对的中央集权，中国的执政精英会变得腐败。但是似乎过去近四十年来由人性而导致的问题似乎受到了有效的限制。
译注： 阿克顿男爵指约翰·爱默里克·爱德华·达尔伯格-阿克顿（英语：John Emerich Edward Dalberg-Acton，1834年1月10日－1902年6月19日），英国历史学家、自由主义者。 他的名言为：“权力导致腐败，绝对权力一定导致腐败。”

Giventhat China is a one-party state where the key political, economic and sociallevers are held in the hands of a few and controlled pretty tightly, Iconcluded that this phenomenon must have something to do with the leadershipethic of the CPC elite. This is my theory: the party and the country’sexperience of the political, economic and humanitarian disaster of ideologicalexcesses during the Cultural Revolution gave the Communist Party leadership adeep resolve to adopt and adhere to pragmatism and meritocracy as coreprinciples of governance.

鉴于中国的一党专政政体，经济和社会的关键部分完全由少数几个人牢牢掌控，我认为这一现象必然与中国高层的领导伦理有关。我的理论是：党和国家从文革这一政治，经济，和人道主义灾难中得到了不能过份强调意识形态的教训。这一教训给中国领导层以坚定的信念来坚持以实用主义和精英政治为核心的治理原则。

Ofcourse this remains China’s biggest weakness because, if a corrupt and venalfaction were to capture the CPC in future (*side-eyes the Zuptas*), the wholesystem would go belly-up and the gains made by China over the last few decadeswould be quickly reversed. However, and without negating the very seriousissues of authoritarianism and human rights violations in the country, thisgovernance ethic founded on pragmatism and meritocracy is probably the biggestlesson that South Africa should take as a leaf out of China’s book.

当然，这（缺乏民主自由国家的那一套特征）仍然是中国最大的弱点，因为如果一个腐败的阵营控制了政权（偷瞄祖玛-古普塔一党），那么整个制度就会完蛋，而中国在过去几十年中所取得的成就也将付之东流。但是，在不否定该国存在有威权主义和人权侵害这些严重问题的基础上，以实用主义和精英统治为基础的治理伦理学可能是南非应该从中国学到的最重要的一页。

译注：
Zuptas 是“Zuma”（祖玛）和“Gupta”（古普塔）的合成词。祖玛为南非总统，而古普塔家族是与祖玛有很强关系的印度裔商业家族。在南非，祖玛-古普塔一党被普遍认为与腐败行为和对国家政治的不正当的影响有关。
“Belly-up”字面意思为“肚子朝天”，是对鱼缸里的金鱼死亡时肚子朝天的类比。意译为“完蛋”。


JeremyDavid Acton · 2 days ago
It seems this writer trusts centralised authority and subscribes to a 'BigBrother'-style police state. The problem arises when the state decides onfascism as a path.

看来这位作者信赖中央集权，并且喜欢“老大哥”式的警察国家。当一个国家决定走法西斯主义道路时，问题就严重了。

UrsusFormidinis · 2 days ago
.....or communism, any form of socialism basically. Socialism whether nationalor international = dictatorship, where a few tell everyone else what to do withtheir lives, their stuff = Orwell's 1984.

（回复JeremyDavid Acton）....或者走GCZY道路，或着走基本上任何形式的社会主义道路。无论是国家社会主义还是国际社会主义，都等于独裁。其实质就是少数人决定其他多数人如何生活。他们这一套等于奥威尔的《1984》（里面所描述的社会制度）。

JeremyDavid Acton · 2 days ago
I believe in an ecologically responsible, equitable, inclusive, People-centredand DESIGNED economic system, and if you want to call that socialism , I don’t'mind, because fascism is actually mostly sponsored by capitalist corporations.The USA for example is the supremo fascist nation

（回复UrsusFormidinis）我信仰生态责任，公平，包容，以人为本，以及计划经济制度，如果你想称之为社会主义，我不介意，因为法西斯主义实际上主要代表了跨国资本集团的利益。美国就是超级法西斯国家的典型例子。

Poobah· 2 days ago
Meritocracy in SA? Unfortunately, this has been politicised and will not beconsidered. Not even a severe crisis will change this.

在南非实行精英主义？不幸的是，这种政治体制已经被过于政治化因而不会被采纳。甚至连一场严重的危机都不会改变（这一现实）。

RockRabbit · 2 days ago
In SAyou get a performance bonus if you achieve mediocrity.

在南非，如果你表现平庸，你将会得到奖金。

GeoffColes · 2 days ago
What makes you think China isn't corrupt... Ah, yes, you have been there andbelieve all the ******** you heard!
20 million police.... pull the other one!

是什么让你觉得中国没有腐败啊……啊，对，你去过那里，并且相信了你听到的所有********（手动屏蔽）！
2000万警察....你咋不拉另一条呢！
译注：“pullthe other one”字面意思为“拉另一条”。英语中，“pull myleg” （字面意思为“拉我的腿”）意为“愚弄我”，作为这个短语的延伸，“pullthe other one”意为继续愚弄（某人）。

UrsusFormidinis · 2 days ago
Well you need 20 million police to oppress 1.3 billion people! And you thinkthe apartheid state was oppressive! Do you forget Tiananmen Square? China'sMarikana? Or are you getting hints for next time? Are you going to startcensoring the internet and social media here as well? Oh, I forgot, the Chinesecommunist party said it's not bad to be rich, is that the lead the ANC isfollowing in SA now as well?

（回复Geoff Coles）好吧，为了压迫13亿人，你需要这2000万警察！你还觉得（南非曾经实行的）种族隔离制度是在压迫你！你忘了天安门广场，中国的马里卡纳吗？还是要等到下次（诸如此类的事件发生）才会接受教训？你还想要开始审查这里的互联网和社交媒体吗？噢，我忘了中国还说过致富不可耻呢，是不是非国大也要把南非往(中国)那个方向带？
译注：马里卡纳，指马里卡纳矿工罢工。 2012年8月10日开始的南非西北省马瑞卡纳矿区矿工们为增加工资而发起的罢工，抗议活动逐渐演变成暴力冲突。8月16日下午南非警方向手持刀械的矿工射击，造成大量人员死亡。
ANC，全称“AfricanNational Congress (ANC)”，即非洲人国民大会，是南非目前的执政党。

GeoffColes · 2 days ago
Oh, and I didn't say ++++++++ but referred to male cattle and its soliddeposits.!

（回复Ursus Formidinis ）哦，我刚才说“你咋不拉另一条呢”的时候，我可不一定说的是腿。其实我类比的是公牛，（拉它的另一条）你就可以得到一些它的固态存货！
译注：性暗示。

Misanthrope· 2 hours ago
You omitted plagiarism. They are masters at stealing intellectual property. Inany case think of something for yourselves for a change instead of trying toemulate other countries.

（回复Ursus Formidinis ）你忘了剽窃了。他们是窃取知识产权的大师。不管怎样，（我们）应当从自身角度出发寻求改变，而不是试图效仿其他国家。

ElizabethC. Young · 2 days ago
is Democracy in South Africa made it less corrupted or more efficiency ?? whenyou political- correctnessly made the conclution at the end. your work alltrashed!

民主能够使南非减少腐败，或变得更有效率吗？如果总是基于政治正确作出决定，那你就什么也干不成了！

JohnPatson · 2 days ago
None so blind as those who cannot see. Look at the top 1,000 richest people inChina and you can count on two hands those who got their money without beingpart of the completely corrupt, one-party political system, untouchable by thepolice (except during faction fights).
Just the sort of paradise the ANC is trying to create.

不去观察的人才是真正的瞎子。看看中国最富有的一千人，完全不依靠腐败的一党制政治体系(从而不必受警察制约 - 派系斗争除外）致富的人数用两只手都数得过来。
这正是非国大（在南非）正在创造的人间天堂。

MartinHedington · 2 days ago
So in China, an applicant needs a degree to join the police training programme,whereas here in South Africa, they just did away with the requirement for evena Matric. What's wrong with this picture.

就是说在中国，申请人需要学位才能参加警察职业培训，而在南非，甚至连高中毕业都可以（申请当警察）。这个景象可不妙。
译注：Matric是Matriculation 的缩略。在南非，Matriculation一般指高中最后一年的课程以及完成课程拿到的高中毕业证。

RobertKeene · 2 days ago
They also enforce the death penalty!

他们（甚至）还执行死刑呢！

Misanthrope· 2 days ago
First and foremost you need an educated population , not 30 percenters and thenyou might have a good start.

首先最起码（警察学员）得受过教育，而不是社会最底层30％的人。这样的话，（南非的警务工作）可能才会开始好起来。