印尼华人：在雅加达不被信任，在中国被遗忘。 [联合国媒体]

The drama surrounding ethnic minority governor Basuki Tjahaja Purnama has reawoken anti-Chinese sentiments that stretch as far back as the building of modern Jakarta

这部围绕少数民族首长Basuki Tjahaja Purnama的戏剧重新唤起了反华情绪，这种情绪可以追溯到现代雅加达的建筑。



In a year marked by high-stakes elections and divisive candidates, Indonesia has a contribution to make – the race for the governorship of Jakarta and blunt-speaking candidate Basuki Tjahaja Purnama.

在一个以高风险选举和候选人不和为标志的一年里，印度尼西亚做出了贡献——竞选雅加达省长，直言不讳的候选人Basuki Tjahaja Purnama.

The gubernatorial election is considered the second most important in the world’s largest Muslim democracy and a springboard to the presidency. This year is particularly interesting because of the controversy surrounding the leading candidate – the incumbent Basuki, more commonly known by his Hakka Chinese name, Ahok.

在世界最大的穆斯林民主国家中，省长选举被认为是第二重要的选举，也是总统选举的跳板。今年特别有趣，因为围绕主要候选人的争议——现任的Basuki，更常见的是他的客家中文名字，“Ahok”。



Ironically, most people in China are blissfully oblivious to the news, which receives little coverage in the mainland media. When asked, a mainland editor shrugged. “No, there is no order to censor it. People just don’t care and they are not interested.”

具有讽刺意味的是，中国大多数人对这一消息完全置之不理，中国大陆媒体对此报道甚少。当被问及时，一位大陆编辑耸耸肩。“表示并没有封杀这类讯息的命令。人们只是不在乎，也不感兴趣罢了。“



Indonesian Muslims demonstrate against Jakarta governor Basuki Tjahaja Purnama, outside parliament. Photo: AFP

印尼穆斯林在议会外示威反对雅加达省长Tjahaja Purnama。图片：法新社

This is perhaps a reflection of the plight faced by many Chinese Indonesians. Even though their forefathers were among the first settlers of the archipelago and built the modern city of Jakarta, Chinese Indonesians have always been eyed with suspicion by the local population. Yet, back in China, they are seldom remembered. To appreciate their situation, it’s worth remembering how Jakarta came into being.

这也许反映了许多印尼华人所面临的困境。尽管他们的祖先是群岛最早的定居者之一，并且建造了现代化的雅加达城市，但印尼华人一直受到当地居民的不信任。然而，在中国，他们也很少被提起。为了了解他们的处境，有必要记住雅加达是如何形成的。

Modern Jakarta was founded by Dutch captain Jan Pieterszoon Coen, who was sent by the Dutch East India Company (VOC) to explore the lucrative pepper trade in Indonesia. Coen, a capable but ruthless leader, seized the port town in 1619 and razed it to the ground. On the smouldering ruins of old Jakarta, he wanted to build a Dutch stronghold to funnel the VOC’s trade in Asia. The newly named Batavia was 10,000 miles from Holland by the way of the Cape of Good Hope. Coen struggled to find workers to complete his ambitious project.

现代雅加达是由荷兰船长JanPieterszoonCoen创立的，他被荷兰东印度公司(VOC)派往印尼探索利润丰厚的胡椒贸易。科恩是一位能干但冷酷无情的领导人，他于1619年占领了这座港口城镇，并将其夷为平地。在古老的雅加达燃烧的废墟上，他想要建造一个荷兰据点来输送荷兰东印度公司在亚洲的贸易，他努力寻找工人来完成他雄心勃勃的计划。新命名的巴达维亚距荷兰10000英里，途经好望角。



The cosy ties between the Dutch and the Chinese did not last. After the fall of the Ming Dynasty in 1644, many Chinese, particularly those in Fujian ( 福建 ) and Guangdong, fled from the Manchurian conquerors to Southeast Asia. They started working in sugar plantations owned by local Chinese. By 1710, surviving records showed that 79 out of the 84 sugar plantations near Batavia were owned by the Chinese. By the 1730s, 50 per cent of the 24,000 Batavia population were Chinese. The Dutch soon started to impose immigration quotas and heavy taxation on the Chinese.

荷兰和中国之间的亲密关系并没有持续下去。1644年明朝倒台后，许多中国人，特别是福建人和广东人，从满洲征服者逃到东南亚。他们开始在当地华人拥有的糖业种植园工作。到1710年，幸存的记录显示，在巴达维亚附近的84个糖业种植园中，有79个属于中国人。到17世纪30年代，在24000名巴达维亚人中，50%是中国人。荷兰很快就开始对中国实施移民配额和重税。

The situation developed into a full-blown crisis when the market for Batavian sugar collapsed in the late 1730s. The VOC authorities planned to solve the unemployment problem by shipping countryside Chinese to Ceylon (Sri Lanka). Rumours started to emerge that they planned to throw the Chinese into the sea. Chinese workers revolted, attacking the walls of the city. The uprising was quickly put down and retribution was swift and severe. The Dutch encouraged the local population to join their attacks on Chinese homes and businesses. Thousands of Chinese houses were plundered and torched. Some 10,000 Chinese lost their lives in the 1740 massacre – the first of many anti-Chinese violent episodes in Indonesia.

17世纪30年代末，巴塔维糖市场崩溃，这种情况发展成了一场全面的危机。荷兰东印度公司当局计划通过将农村华人运往锡兰(斯里兰卡)来解决失业问题。有传言说他们打算把中国人扔进海里。中国工人反抗，攻击城市的城墙。起义迅速平息，报应迅速而严厉。荷兰人鼓励当地居民加入他们对中国家庭和企业的袭击。成千上万的中国房屋被掠夺和焚烧。大约1万名中国人在1740年的大屠杀中丧生，这是印尼许多反华暴力事件中的第一次。



Indonesian tribal performers entertain supporters of Chinese Christian governor Basuki Tjahaja Purnama at his final campaign rally in Jakarta. Photo: AFP

印尼部落表演者在雅加达举行的最后一次竞选集会上招待华裔基督教省长Basuki Tjahaja Purnama的支持者。图片：法新社

Today, though ethnic Chinese make up just 4 per cent of Indonesia’s population, they are resented due to their economic success. Many of Indonesia’s wealthiest tycoons are ethnic Chinese. Anti-Chinese sentiments regularly flare up and the Chinese population is often accused of being China’s fifth column.

如今，虽然华人仅占印尼人口的4%，但他们（印尼人）对华人的经济成功感到不满。印尼许多最富有的大亨都是华裔。反华情绪经常爆发，印尼华人经常被指责为中国的第五纵队（带路党）。

It should be remembered that historically most Chinese immigrants came to Southeast Asia as refugees, escaping from political turbulence or civil wars. Unlike Coen, they were not organised nor sent by their government to conquer and colonise. Many were fearful and suspicious of Beijing themselves. They settled and prospered in their new homes. While many remain proud of their cultural heritage, they have no political affiliation or loyalty towards the authorities in China.

应该记住，在历史上，大多数中国移民是作为难民从政治动荡或内战中逃到东南亚的。与科恩不同的是，他们既没有组织，也没有被政府派去征服和殖民。许多人对北京本身感到恐惧和不信任。他们在新家安顿下来，兴旺发达。尽管许多人仍然为自己的文化遗产感到自豪，但他们对中国当局并没有政治归属或忠诚感。