外媒：中国的高等教育供过于求 [联合国媒体]

-------------译者：zaze-审核者：龙腾翻译总管------------



MILAN – China has always valued education reflecting its Confucian tradition according to which one must excel scholastically to achieve high professional and social status. But today the country is stricken with what some call “education fever” as middle-class Chinese parents demand more schooling for their children and as young people seek ways to avoid the drudgery of factory life.

米兰——从儒家传统就能看出中国一直都很重视教育，因为一个人想要得到很高的职业地位和社会地位他就必须在擅长学术。但是中产阶级的中国父母要求他们孩子接受更多教育，同时中国年轻人为了避免进工厂做苦工而努力寻找出路，导致中国正在受到“教育过热”的冲击。

China’s government by emphasizing the need for a better-educated workforce to compete with the West is fueling this trend. This year alone China produced 7.65 million university graduates – a historic high – and around nine million high school students took the gaokao China’s general university admission exam. These are staggering figures even for a country with a billion people and a tertiary-education enrollment rate that is one-third that of advanced economies. To put the trend in perspective China graduated fewer than two million people from college in 1999 and the pass rate for the gaokao was only 40% half of what it is today.

中国政府声称，为了与西方竞争中国需要教育程度更高的劳动力，这也对“教育过热”起到了推波助澜的作用。单单今年一年中国就有765万大学生毕业——这是历史新高——还有900万左右的高中生参加“高考”（中国的普通大学入学考试）。这对一个有十多亿人口、大学入学率只有发达国家三分之一的国家来说也是一个令人难以置信的数据了。如果把视角放到更早之前的中国，1999年中国的大学毕业生只有不到200万人，高考入学率只有40%，还不到现在的一半。

-------------译者：zaze-审核者：龙腾翻译总管------------

Education is never a bad thing in itself but the move toward “mass universities” of the type that emerged in the West after World War II is occurring too fast and has arrived too soon for the Chinese economy to accommodate it. With China’s transition to a post-industrial economy far from complete significantly broadening access to university undermines the quality of education and has high collateral costs socially and economically.

教育本身从不是坏事，但是在二战后在西方出现的“大众大学”在中国出现太早发生太快，中国经济还来不及适应它。随着过渡到后工业时代，中国的经济能力已经远不能大量放宽大学准入了，而放宽大学入学不仅降低了教育质量，还得在社会和经济上付出附属代价。

For example to meet the Communist Party’s ambitious enrollment goals institutions have lowered admission standards and matriculated students into fields of study with no market value just to accommodate them. This has severely degraded the quality of education at second- and third-tier universities concentrated in China’s inner provinces thus widening the development gap between China’s urban coast and rural hinterland.

比如说中国的教育机构为了满足中国共产党雄心勃勃的入学目标，不仅降低了 标准，而且将那些学生录取到毫无市场价值的领域，只是为了他们能容得下他们（让他上学拿文凭却学一些毫无用处的东西）。这严重降低了集中在中国内陆省份的二三线大学的教育质量，从而扩大了中国的城市海岸和农村腹地之间的发展差距。

-------------译者：中原无名-审核者：中原无名------------

Meanwhile China with a graduate unemployment rate of 16% is producing more highly educated workers than the economy can absorb. The wage premium for workers with a bachelor’s degree has decreased by roughly 20% in recent years and new graduates often must accept jobs – such as street cleaning – for which they are vastly overqualified. Under these conditions many recent graduates now join the Communist Party because membership stands out to potential employers. But it is difficult to see how the labor market can be efficient if employers are making hiring decisions on the basis of political favoritism rather than merit.

与此同时，有着16％毕业失业率的中国正在生产着超过其经济所能承受的更高教育的工人。有着学士学位的工人的工资溢价最近几年大约下降了20％，应届毕业生往往必须接受这些工作，比如清洁街道-对他们来说是大材小用。在这种环境下，现在许多应届毕业生加入了共产党，因为党员更容易在潜在的雇主中脱颖而出。但是，如果雇主的雇佣决策是以政治偏袒而不是以价值为标准，那就会很难看到劳动市场的有效运行。

As more Chinese students attend university fewer are graduating from vocational schools which teach the skills that the economy actually needs. In fact the demand for qualified blue-collar employees is so high that in 2015 the country’s 23 million textile workers earned on average $645 per month – equal to the average college graduate.

随着越来越多的中国学生进入大学，从职业学校毕业的学生就更少了，虽然职业学校能教给学生社会真正需要的技术。事实上对合格蓝领员工的需求是很高的以至于2015年中国2300万年纺织工人每月平均收入645美元，相当于普通高校毕业生的工资水平。

 -------------译者：中原无名-审核者：中原无名------------

The Chinese government has partly acknowledged this imbalance and says it will convert around 600 colleges into vocational schools by the end of next year. But this supply-side fix doesn’t address the demands of China’s burgeoning middle class. With universities having become so accessible Chinese families will continue to prefer them to what they consider second-class schools.

中国政府在一定程度上承认这种不平衡并表示明年年底将大约600所院校转化为职业学校。但这供应修复并不能满足中国日益壮大的中产阶级的需求。随着上大学变得如此容易，中国家庭将继续青睐大学，而较少去考虑他们所认为的二等学校。

The situation is unfortunate for all involved. In its push for universal higher education and global status China is stringing its young people along with the promise of high-paid meaningful employment after graduation. It is a promise that China will not be able to fulfill for a very long time.

这种情况对双方都是不幸的。在其推动普及高等教育和全球地位的同时，中国承诺中国的年轻人毕业后有高收入的工作。这个承诺中国很长一段时间内将无法满足。

-------------译者：BXHin1995-审核者：BXHin1995------------

For starters China confronts global economic conditions that are beyond its control. China wants to shift its economic model away from manufacturing and toward services where its many graduates could be gainfully employed; but it is currently locked into its position at the bottom of most global value chains.

中国面临着不在它掌控之中的全球经济状况。中国想要从制造业经济转变成服务消费型经济，这样大量中国毕业生可以被高薪聘用，但是鉴于目前中国在大多数全球价值链条中较低端的位置，这种想法很难被实现。

When global values chains grow and new jobs are created those jobs are distributed according to a country’s competitive advantage. Because China has long specialized in low-skill tasks this is the kind of work that will be left for Chinese laborers. If the smartphone industry expands for example Silicon Valley will hire more engineers and Shenzhen will hire more assemblers to build what those engineers design.

当全球价值链条增长，创造出来的新工作岗位却对一个国家的竞争性优势毫无作用。因为中国长期从事低技能职业，这种类型的工作都留给了中国劳动者。举个例子，如果智能手机产业扩大，硅谷会雇用更多的工程师而深圳只会雇用更多组装工人去制造那些工程师设计的产品。

 -------------译者：Linsanity2018-审核者：龙腾翻译总管------------

If China wants to move up the value chain it needs to expand its technological capacity which is why innovation is at the heart of its latest Five-Year Plan. But most of China’s high-tech investments so far have been abroad – in sectors ranging from electronics and biotechnology to software and nanotechnology – which won’t change its value-chain ranking. China could also expand its tech sector through homegrown entrepreneurship except that the Chinese economy does not provide easy access to credit and is hamstrung by excessive regulations that make it difficult to start a competitive business.

如果要向价值链上端移动，中国需要扩展其技术能力，这也就是为何创新是最新一个五年计划的核心。然而迄今为止，中国的大部分高科技投资都在国外——在电子产品、生物技术、软件、纳米技术等各领域——这无法改变中国在价值链中所处的位置。中国也可以通过本土企业来扩展其技术领域，只是中国的经济无法提供容易获取的信贷，而且过多法规的束缚也导致了有竞争力的企业难以创办。

-------------译者：BXHin1995-审核者：龙腾翻译总管------------

Restructuring the Chinese economy is a long-term project. In the short term China should make higher education far more exclusive so that it is true to its purpose. Chinese universities should produce higher-quality graduates at a slower rate and all other students should matriculate through vocational programs which will lose their current stigma as they become the primary educational option.

调整中国经济结构是一项长期工程。短期内中国应使它的高等教育更专一来达到它的目的。中国大学应该降低录取率培养高质量的毕业生，其他学生可以进入职业学院。当职业学院成为一种教育选择，技校生可以摆脱目前在他们身上的污名。

The current system misallocates Chinese talent prevents graduates from reaching their full potential and impedes the economy’s capacity to ascend global value chains. In this sense China is moving too fast. As an old Confucian proverb says “It does not matter how slowly you go so long as you do not stop.”

现行系统错误的支配中国人的才能，阻止毕业生发挥自身最大潜能，阻碍经济能力提升全球价值链条中的地位。在这点上，中国走得太远。就像一个古老的儒家谚语说的“不怕慢，就怕站”（儒家什么时候说过这话？）


-------------译者：zaze-审核者：龙腾翻译总管------------

Steve Hurst AUG 18 2016
This article is way off the mark. Apples Steve Jobs said he sourced 8000 engineers in China and had them on project in half the time it would have taken to just start interviews in the US. There is demand for knowledge workers. AI and robotics is due to impact on factory workers in China and has already started to be implemented with Foxconn shedding 50% of line workers at one facility. As for the degrading of education by volume expansion... 'institutions have lowered admission standards and matriculated students into fields of study with no market value just to accommodate them'.. What do you think has happened in the West. Graduates as street cleaners in China versus graduates as box stackers in warehouses and burger flippers in the West. China hamstrung by excessive regulation as written by somebody from the EZ ?!

这篇文章错的太离谱了。苹果公司的乔布斯说过，他曾经在中国招募了8000名工程师并把他们分配到一项工程上，所花的时间连美国启动面试所花的一半时间都不到。现在对知识工作者的需求很大。人工智能和机器人对工厂工人的冲击很大，富士康的机器智能化改造已经将每台设备上一半的流水线工人都挤走了。至于大学数量扩张带来的教育质量下降，"（教育）机构降低了入学标准，而且将那些学生录取到毫无市场价值的领域，只是为了容得下他们"...你觉得西方的情况是什么样的？中国的大学毕业生在扫马路，与此同时西方的大学毕业生在仓库码箱子、在快餐店炸汉堡。一个来自欧元区的作者写文章称中国被过度监管所害？！

-------------译者：zaze-审核者：龙腾翻译总管------------

Godfree Roberts AUG 18 2016
"The situation is unfortunate for all involved. In its push for universal higher education and global status China is stringing its young people along with the promise of high-paid meaningful employment after graduation. It is a promise that China will not be able to fulfill for a very long time."
What nonsense. China's unemployment rate has stayed steady for the past 15 years and wages have doubled regularly every decade for 50 years. This year is no different with 6.6% average wage rises. Shanghai IT wages passed those in Atlanta GA this year and China's increasing dominance of high tech industries and rapid movement up the value chain will continue to provide good jobs for university graduates for years to come.
By 'dominance of high tech' I mean that China already leads the world in technologies like Supercomputing Speech Recognition Graphenics Thorium power Pebble Bed Reactors Genomics Thermal Power generation Quantum Communication Networks ASW Missiles In-Flight Satellite Refueling Passive Array Radar Metamaterials Hyperspectral Imaging Nanotechnology UHV Electricity transmission Electric Vehicles High Speed Rail Radiotelescopy Hypersonic Space Weapons and Satellite Quantum Communications. 

“对所有与之有关的人来说，这个情况是非常不幸的。在中国对于更高等教育和全球地位的推动下，中国将它的年轻人绑在了毕业后参与高收入、有意义的工作上。而在未来很长一段时间，中国都无法为它的年轻毕业生兑现这一承诺（为每一个接受高等教育的毕业生提供高收入、有意义的工作）。”
真是胡说八道。中国的失业率在过去15年一直保持稳定，在过去50年工资每10年就翻一番。今年也一样，平均工资上涨6.6%。今年上海IT业的工资已经超过了亚特兰大地区总代理商的工资，中国在高科技行业的主宰力和价值链的快速移动将在未来数年内为大学毕业生提供好工作。
说到“高科技”的主宰力，我指的是中国已经在以下领域领先世界：超级计算机，语言识别，绘图，钍动力，球床反应堆，基因学，火力发电，量子通信网络。反潜导弹，战时卫星，空中加油，无源阵列雷达，材料学，高光谱成像，纳米技术，特高压输电，电动汽车，高铁，射电望远镜，空间武器，量子卫星通讯。

-------------译者：zaze-审核者：龙腾翻译总管------------

Comment Kevin Lai AUG 18 2016
In China unemployment rate is forever 4.5% if you believe this figure.

在中国，失业率永远是4.5%，如果你相信这个数据的话。

Art Chen AUG 17 2016
Sounds like the problem in the U.S. and Europe too. In Egypt it is even worse.

听起来这种问题在美国和欧洲也有，在埃及情况更糟。